Protection of Health Information Privacy

Protection of Health Information Privacy The Necessity of Developing a National legal Framework Introduction: A concise factual review of â€Å"privacy† indicates this concept accentuated since Hippocrate, s affidavit, firstly (1ØŒ 2). afterwards, defined by Samuel Warren and Louis Brandies as â€Å"the right to be let alone† in 1890s, subsequently, evolved as â€Å"informational privacy,† defined by Allen Westine considering as individual’s right to control personal information(3). Generally, privacy covers intermixed concepts including confidentiality and security of Personal health information (4). .Patients have an expectation of appreciation of privacy and security in connection with health information(5). Further, patient-provider reciprocal confidence form a cornerstone of medicine and privacy has the main role in this regard(1). Protecting information privacy is imperative since health records whether paper-based or electronic, encompass crucial information such as demographic, occupational, social, financial and personal information simplifying individuals, recognition(6). Moreover, it becomes paramount with the influx of an immense number of computers and information systems in health care industry, the growth of health research needs as well as the increase of information demands (7). Unfortunately, confidentiality may be exposed chiefly due to staff imprudent behaviors out of curiosity than malice(8). Studies reveals that some providers may violate confidentiality whenever speaking about a known case loudly with other colleague riding elevators or walking across the passage ways(9). Personal health information Security breach influential in patients and health care organizations so that according to literature, medical identity theft, inflict over 7 billion $ on U.S. health care industry every year. Further, victims may be high sensitive regarding confidential records and be doubtful about information piracy(10). Moreover, the disclosure of personal health information may impose economic losses and psychological influence on patients. in addition, sociological status may be at stake(11ØŒ 12). Remarkably, serious effects may be shown as the negligence of privacy protection by health care providers resulting in partly concealment of medical history; patient reluctance to go to physician; an increase of anxiety and aggressive behaviors(13) particularly in regard to growing trend in digitized health data (14). This study was investigated legal frameworks in relation to personal health information in leading countries to develop a customized national framework treating sensitive health information aptly. Methods: This study was performed as a preliminary step of a multi-stage research to develop a national framework on protection of the privacy health information. It sought the existing legal frameworks in leading countries such as Canada, Australia, United States, and European Unions to provide the insight into the necessity of development of legal framework governing the conservation of health information privacy in management information cycle consists of data collection; storage; retention; use and disclosure and destruction. The study environment has been selected for the precedence and perfection of privacy activities. Two approaches were used to locate relevant literature. Firstly, we search PubMed-Medline and Science direct (by September 2014) and Scientific Information Distribution database. Separated searches were carried out using following terms â€Å"principle†, â€Å"Act†, â€Å"Law†, â€Å"regulation† AND â€Å"framework†, â€Å"model† AND â€Å"health information†, â€Å"health data†, â€Å"medical information†, â€Å"medical data†, â€Å"patient information†, â€Å"patient data† AND â€Å"privacy† framework†. Secondly, a search was conducted on the internet search engine using the free text â€Å"health information privacy Act† AND â€Å"Personal Health Information Act†. Out of extracted literature the most prevalent frameworks investigated. Results: The considerable findings have outlined in three following tables which the first one indicates sequential review of Privacy legislation in general and particularly in health information among the selected countries. As seen in Table 1, these countries are the pioneers of law making apropos of health information privacy protection. furthermore, literature review suggested several protection of health information privacy Acts in federal and provincial levels Table 2 (15-17). Likewise, a number of guidelines, policies and frameworks developed as self-regulatory effort Table 3 (18-31). Generally, free information Act passed in 1966 in The U.S justifying individual’s right to request information from federal institutions, considers nine exceptions regarding to records generated in federal organizations which the sixth one relates to personal and medical information considering unjustifiable privacy breaches as disclosed. The privacy Act has enacted in 1974 in order to protect patient confidentiality in governmental health care institutions (e.g. institutions affiliated Veterans Affairs). Policies and laws on disclosure of health information in response to jurisdiction requests are under part 164/512 Code Federal Regulation and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act(32). Entirely, in Canada, privacy Act have enacted in 1983, while, the history of the concept of privacy of the personal information date back in 1997, when the Royal Commission of Inquiry investigated privacy of personal information in reply to police request for having access to medical records free from obtaining individuals informed consent(33). The concept of privacy has originated in the ratification of the Freedom of information Act in 1982(34) and Privacy Act in 1988 in Australia. Along with, The common wealth’s Information Privacy Principles has been set out to protect personal information from potential threats which may be occurred during collection or storage based on Section 14 of the Privacy Act in 1988 and â€Å"The Australian Standard AS 4400 Personal Privacy Protection in Healthcare Information System† defined requirements protecting PHI integrity and confidentiality in health information system usable for anybody involve in Health information systems development and implementation. It is developed based on the common wealth’s information privacy principles, Organization Economic Cooperation Development (OECD) guidelines with regard to privacy protection and concerning council of Europe conventions and regulations(35). As with U.S. and Canada, many Australian legislations govern on personal information collection, use and disclosure(36). For instance, 10th and 11th principles of Information Privacy Principles (IPPs) and 2nd principle of National Privacy Principles (NPPs) govern information use and disclosure. According to the 10th IPPS information use especially health information use is permissible in terms of the purposes for which data was collected, otherwise obtaining an informed consent is compulsory. Furthermore, with reference to 11th IPPs, notifying people about the probability of information exchange among individuals and organizations is required before the disclosure, albeit, some exceptions are made regarding permissible conditions for information disclosure(37). Further, supplementary activities were conducted in this regard, for example; Royal Australian College of Physicians published a manual of health information management useable for private practice properly modelling best practices related to respect for legal and ethical requirements of health information privacy and confidentiality. In addition, The Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care bills of right was approved by Health Department which on the basis of one of them, protection of health information privacy and confidentiality is a must(38). Data protection in the EU enacted in 1995 due to different laws related to protect data privacy throughout the EU and the lack of pertinent laws among some members(39). It approved since enacted Organization of economic cooperation and Development principles towards data protection in 1980 were not imperative in legal view. EU directive 95/46 is not a part of national regulation on privacy but it is actionable on the basis of national regulations(40). Overall, These principles categorized in five groups specifying principles governs data quality, determination the scope of purposes of data collection and use, protection of data security, explicitness, and responsibility to control conditions in terms of measures relevant to each principles purposes of data use, minimal limitation implemented in nationwide and cooperated in the globe. with reference to Article 8 EU/directive 95/46 health information is among protected information and processing them is not permissible except for speci fied conditions(41). In electronic environment provision of health care services and products needs more data processing activities, therefore, sensitive personal information should be processed under both directives of data protection and electronic privacy to ensure the respect for individual right to privacy and network security and communication. In this particular case, a guideline relevance to patient privacy in Transborder health care environment issued to e-health care providers comply with EU directive requirements(42). In Iran, the right of privacy is not determined clearly either in the constitutional laws or the common laws, but achievable through laws interpretation. conservation of medical information during storage, process and dissemination in cyber space has been determined merely in Electronic Commerce law(43) privacy has been expressed in 3rd paragraph of patients’ bill of rights accordingly, individuals have right to request their own crucial diagnostic, therapeutic information directly. Patients have right to ensure that their medical records (e.g. the results of examination and clinical consultation) retained confidentially and their privacy protected. Furthermore, patients have the right to access complete medical records; request a copy of medical information and correction of the mistakes(44). Discussion: Individual health information (e.g. medical records) is declared highly sensitive personal information in Supreme Court of Canada view and under the Australian Privacy legislations, therefore, individuals could control over their own information (15ØŒ 45). The findings indicate peculiar Acts regulate sensitive health information. Nonetheless, internal literature indicate that respect for confidentiality principles is required in view of the significance of medical records confidentiality and broad use of medical records in legal and jurisdictional domains(46). According to literature, the enactment of different laws for ensuring the confidentiality of medical records is a must. Furthermore, national official authorities have major role in setting out clear rules pertinent to patient data access; announcing them as actionable directives to all health care organizations as well as determining criminal and civil penalties for disrespect for patent records confidentiality and unauthorized disclosure and also data breaches(47). Given the aforementioned, considering the national requirements in regard to maintain the patients right of privacy and confidentiality of health information, health care workers both clinical and administrative staff should comply with a general framework guiding collect, use or disclose health information in a safe manner. Development of this framework illuminates the pathways for better health information management and lower patients concerns about health data breach. For this end, formation of a multidisciplinary team composed of health information managers; medical laws and ethics and experienced health information custodians is required. Normally, executive health care administrators, health policymakers influence on appropriate and actionable policy making or develop a comprehensive framework. In summary, review of the pioneers’ legislations is enlightening in this regard.

Teenage Suicide :: Teenage Suicide Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When people think about suicide, they think about someone taking their life away on purpose, or in other words it means, â€Å"to kill yourself† (Marcus 1). Suicide is a dramatic word that can change the way people view things in life. It is a thought that brings a teen to the point of self-murder. It is an event where a young one feels desperation and pain just before pulling the trigger or jumping off the bridge. Many of those who have thought about suicide or have committed suicide have done so because their life has changed, and many are having difficulty adjusting to it. It is a time where everything seems to go wrong, and a person starts to feel empty inside. It is like a mystery that could happen to young, old, rich and poor. The only thing a person can do when there are signs of suicide is to prevent it from happening, but why is it that people turn over to suicide, and how can a person prevent it from happening? There are about eighty deaths for teenage suicide every day in the United States, and there are about one thousand five hundred teens that attempt suicide. Many fail suicide, which is a good thing. After trying to attempt suicide for the first time, many can attempt to cry for help before a second attempt is made. People need to keep in mind that if a person turns to suicide and achieves suicide, there is nothing a community can do. But there are always many ways in which people can help suicidal teens. Even though there are teenagers who truly want to die, there are ways in which anyone can help if there are warning signs of suicide. In this case there are many ways in which a teenager could turn over to suicide. Loneliness, depression and the abuse of drugs and alcohol are just a few ways. A loss in a teen’s life could be very traumatizing, and losing a loved one for any reason may bring teenagers into the borderline of killing themselves. Being left out and not fitting in with a new group could often lead a teenager into feeling lonely. Loneliness causes a person to lose hope in life. Not having someone to talk to can make a person feel that they are nothing in this world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Depression is another affect that can lead a person into suicide.

Give Me a Free Essay Essay

When composing the Constitution in 1789, the Founding Fathers were anxious to stress that the executive branch of the new republic was to be subordinate to the peoples’ representation, the Congress. They achieved this through the Separation of Powers, a theory of government thought up by the French philosopher Montesquieu to prevent over-mighty or tyrannical government. The elaborate system of ‘checks and balances’ introduced greatly reduced the traditional authority of the executive, leaving some to argue that U.  S. presidents have been left with very little power, if only the power of persuasion. However to what extent is this true? Theodore Roosevelt famously stated that he was both â€Å"king and prime minister†, even though other presidents, such as Johnson and Truman have stressed the weakness of the presidency. The argument that presidents have only the power to persuade can be seen in many of the formal powers of the president laid out in Article II of the Constitution. This can perhaps best be seen in his powers of nomination, both for federal judges and executive branch officials. The president has only the power to suggest appointments to these positions; the final confirmation of the president’s choice lies with Congress. This will sometimes mean lengthy negotiations between the branches of government, with the president using his ‘pork barrel’ in an attempt to win over Senators. In 1987, Reagan’s nomination of Robert Bork was rejected by a Senate vote of 42 to 58, resulting in embarrassment for both the president and his nominee. Reagan was unable to do anything about this, other than to suggest a new nominee in the hope that they would be accepted instead. The president’s power of persuasion is also illustrated by his role as chief diplomat for the United States. In this position, he negotiates major treaties with foreign countries, such Carter’s Panama Canal Treaty or Bush Snr. ’s Chemical Weapons Ban. Even so, it is the job of the Congress to ratify the treaty; it has no legal authority until it has been accepted by the Senate with a two-thirds majority. As such, the president can only persuade the Senate to accept it, arguing for its merits or using his limited access to patronage. For instance, the Treaty of Versailles drawn up President Wilson in the aftermath of the First World War was rejected by the Senate, resulting in America being unable to join the League of Nations, a ‘pet-project’ of the President. Later in the C20th, the Senate refused to ratify a further six treaties, which presidents such as Eisenhower (1960) and Clinton (1999) had worked hard on the international stage to achieve. Similarly, the president’s powers to submit the annual budget and propose legislation both require Congressional action if they are to have any authority. The president’s State of the Union address comprises key pieces of legislation which the president would like to be introduced (such as more green jobs and banking regulations seen in Obama’s 2010 address). However, this is meaningless unless they are introduced to and accepted by Congress, a process that requires the president to act tactfully using bipartisanship to persuade Congressmen and Senators to follow his proposals.

Essay on Dream

Essay on Dream Essay on dream is a subject of interest for many professors and teachers in colleges and universities. Normally students and young scholars try to explore essay on my dream in different ways. Sometimes they try to write an essay on I have a dream and some times on certain other variables of dreams like essay on American dream or essay on dreams. Despite any variations in dreams and their writings students find essay on dreams as an interesting topic to explore and write on. While customizing different ways and styles of essay papers on dreams; students and writers must consider different factors relating to dreams and their natures. Dreams are categorised in different groups in various divisions. Some dreams are early hour dreams and are considered to be untrue and often are vague in the mind of person after he wakes up.   Such dreams are associated with short term and present situations of life.   When it comes to deep sleep dreams, these are thoughtful and have more details for exploratory researchers. These dreams come from midnight to early morning hours. Such dreams have multi fold details relating to the dreamer’s life, experiences, problems, personality and psychology. While writing an essay on dreams, one must know a little more about dreams and their importance in human life. Secondly, writing an essay on dream requires a good level of thoughtfulness and understanding of human psychology. Step by step procedure of writing a dream essay may be like the list given here: Draw a simple sketch of dream or dreams to be included in your essay. This paper detail will help you in writing essay on dream very well. After writing the layout and main contents of your dream, now this is the time to list down the contents of your essay. Introduction will be the first point of your paper, here you will give a little description of dreams and will explain the purpose of writing this dream essay. Valid and authentic sources must be cited when you narrate any description with dreams. If you just explain the causes and predictions without citation, this will not be acceptable to your professors. Dream essay writing requires you to have good grammar skills and command on language. You should try to use simple language instead of adopting a complex language style for your English or American Dream Essay. While considering the value of dreams during writing a dream essay; always consider psychological importance of dreams for individuals. Dreams have different intensities and all individuals have different impact of dreams. A writer of dream essay should always keep in mind this difference. A conclusion is the last part of a good dream essay. Here writer concludes the main theme with its main findings and his/her own individual suggestions and inputs. Some times students have lesser time available for to write a dream essay, the best solution they find is to buy a dream essay from custom writing company. Custom dream essay can save your time and you can get better grade in lesser time if your selection of custom company is good. You can safely order essay on dream with our custom essay writing company , then enjoy your time with friends and have fun.

Definition and Examples of Denominal Nouns

Definition and Examples of Denominal Nouns A denominal  noun  is a noun that is formed from another noun, usually by adding a suffixsuch as villager (from village), New Yorker (from New York), booklet (from book), limeade (from lime), lectureship (from lecture), and librarian (from library). Many denominal nouns are context sensitive (see Contextual Constructions, below). Examples and Observations Nouns like Nixonite, bicycler, and saxophonist are formed from concrete nouns like Nixon, bicycle, and saxophone by derivation. There is a plethora of idiomatic cases of this sort in English, but what innovative examples mean can vary enormously from one occasion to the next, depending on certain cooperative measures between the speaker and addressees. Each has an unlimited number of possible meanings, or so it appears. Denominal nouns, then, although they have stricter requirements than, say, possessives or compound nouns, are also contextual expressions. (Herbert H. Clark, Arenas of Language Use. Univ. of Chicago Press, 1992)The fact that a denominal noun is not the result of a direct derivation from the action itself may explain the difficulties in interpreting denominal formations. The meaning of denominal nouns may not be directly related to the action performed by the referent... (Alexander Haselow, Typological Changes in the Lexicon: Analytic Tendencies in English Noun Formati on. Walter de Gruyter, 2011) Contextual Constructions Contextual constructions arent merely ambiguous, having a small fixed set of conventional meanings. They have in principle an infinity of potential non-conventional interpretations, each built around a conventional meaning of the word or words it is derived from...  Contextual constructions rely on an appeal to contextto the participants common ground. They always require non-conventional coordination for their interpretation. (Herbert H. Clark, Using Language. Cambridge University Press, 1996) Deverbals and Denominals: Nouns Formed With the Suffix -ant Let us turn to the deverbal person noun forming affix -ant (defendant), which denotes a personal or material agent. . . . [P]ossible verbal bases involve those ending in -ify, -ize, -ate, and -en. A look at Lehnert (1971) and the OED shows that, almost without exception . . ., these verbs are subject to the domain of agentive noun forming -er/or. The rival suffix -ant has a somewhat peculiar distribution, since its attachment is partly lexically governed (i.e. unproductive) and partly rule-governed and productive. In the semantically distinguishable domains of medical/pharmaceutical/chemo-technical and legal/corporate jargon, -ant can be used productively to form words denoting substances and persons, respectively, as evidenced by the following examples disinfectant, repellant, consultant, accountant, defendant, to mention only a few. (Ingo Plag, Morphological Productivity: Structural Constraints in English Derivation. Mouton de Gruyter, 1999) Related Reading AffixAffixationAnthimeriaContextConversion Denominal Adjective  and  Denominal Verb DerivationNeologismNominalizationVerbingWord Formation

Image analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Image analysis - Essay Example ut an image is not only composed of the person because there are other elements to consider namely the other people in the picture and the caption as posted in paper or on online publications. In the first picture wherein Obama is shown with his family published in USA today, it can be considered as a representation of his origin and the family that he values. This can be considered as a way to present how he gives importance to his loved ones. It also serves as a promise of how he would give importance to the American people. The other photographs depicting his usual pose are similar but the news always presents the related subject which makes the difference. In general, the photographs of Obama are showing his open palm wave which can either mean leadership, sign of positivity or even control. His smile on the other hand is a sign of good will. All of these are subjective suppositions and no one can be sure of the exact meaning. On the other hand publicist and media people can attach whatever meaning they are meant to present to the

Integrating Civics Educations into Liberal Studie Essay

Integrating Civics Educations into Liberal Studie - Essay Example In this subject are elements of humanities, science and liberal arts, which serves to help learners have a broad outlook after completing their senior secondary level studies. Some of the areas of study in this subject include self and personal development, personal identity, and preparing for adulthood, role of an individual and society, conflict resolution and interpersonal relationship, economic restructuring, the rule of law and participation in society and politics, and finally the general quality of life (Chan, and Sin, 2005). Likewise, the curriculum development council has proposed that civic education be also introduced in both elementary and secondary schools. In the past, civic education has never been made a complete and independent subject in Hong Kong. However, recently, civic education has been strengthened, and is embedded in other subjects such as history and Chinese among others. The major aim for this subject is to strengthen learners positive attitudes and values, develop good civic and personal qualities and also create an individual vision in committing and contributing to one’s country, family and the world. The general concepts, points and evaluation mode are very powerful and strict. It has been argued that integrating this subject to liberal studies will facilitate the achievement of the goal of a making a balanced and well-rounded person, rather than making it an independent subject (China Daily, Jun 1 2011 8:42). The purpose of introducing liberal studies in China’s New Secondary Curriculum is to broaden the student’s knowledge base as well as enhance their social awareness through studying a wide range of issues. The module in the curriculum focuses on the themes, which are of significance to the society, students and the world in general. These are designed in such a way that students are enabled to make connections across various fields of knowledge